Adam R. Guttentag, M.D.
Albert Einstein Medical Center
Philadelphia, Pa
ThoracicFungal Disease
G:\photos\Cartoons\it's a rare disease.jpg
Fungal Infections
200,000 species of fungi
<200 known to cause human disease
Mycosis-invasion of tissue by fungi
Superficial mycosis
Cutaneous mycosis
Subcutaneous mycosis
Systemic mycosis
»Primary (immune competent)
»Opportunistic (immune compromised)
Pulmonary Fungal InfectionsClinical presentations
Asymptomatic
Acute
Chronic / Progressive
Disseminated
Acute Fungal Infection(Competent Host)
Infested soil disturbed, organisms inhaled
cavers, demolition workers, farmers
Acute bronchopneumonia (consolidation)
Enters lymphatics  hilar LN’s  bloodstream
Cell-mediated immune response and delayedhypersensitivity (several weeks)
Necrotizing (caseating) granuloma formation
Similar process in LN’s
Acute Fungal Infection(Competent Host)
Self-limited disease
May heal completely
May leave nodule(s) 5 mm. toseveral cm., which can calcify
Latent infection
Partial immunity to reinfection
Chronic / ProgressiveFungal Infection
Inadequate (or excessive?) hostresponse
Necrotizing  and fibrosinggranulomatous inflammation.
Some forms indistinguishable frompostprimary TB
Disseminated Infection(Compromised Host)
May be seen in any fungal infection
Hematogenous spread early or late incourse of infection
Miliary nodules 1-4 mm in size
Systemic involvement  liver, spleen,marrow, skin, brain, bone, etc.
Invasive Infection(Compromised Host)
Aspergillus, zygomycetes e.g. Mucor
Invasion through bronchial wall  intoadjacent artery
Thrombosis and infarction
Immune Competent Host:Endemic Fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioides immitis
Blastomyces dermatiditis
(Cryptococcus neoformans)
Histoplasmosis
Endemic in Ohio,Mississippi/ Missouri,andSt. Lawrence river valleys
Spores in soil rich in batand bird droppings
Over 80%  seropositive inendemic areas
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo distribution map.jpeg
Acute Histoplasmosis
Estimated 250,000 new cases in US/year
Most infections asymptomatic or subclinical (>90%)
Often mild respiratory or flu-like illness
3-14 days after exposure
Fever, cough, chest pain
Sx depend on:
Inoculum inhaled
Immune status, age, previous exposure
Sx resolve in weeks to months without treatment
Acute HistoplasmosisRadiology
Often no X-rays
Focal consolidation
Multiple nodular opacities
May cavitate and often calcify
Adenopathy 5-10%
Rarely isolated adenopathy
»Esp. in children (like TB)
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\pa acute.jpg
43 y.o. construction foremanfrom Puerto Rico
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\lat long.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\ct 1.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\ct 2.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\ct 3.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\ct 4.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo acute irizarry\pa later.jpg
Several months later
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo diffuse granulomas\pa.jpg
C:\Documents and Settings\guttenta\Desktop\new pix\shotgun chest.jpg
Chronic Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmoma
Chronic progressivehistoplasmosis
Mediastinal granuloma
Fibrosing mediastinitis
Histoplasmoma
Common, usually <3 cm.
Central or ring calcification
Calcified LN’s often also present
Calcification does not always indicate“healing”
May grow over time, harbor viable organisms
laminated nodule pa.jpg                                        00000AC7ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histoplasmoma spn.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo granuloma dense.jpg
“Target” lesion
laminated nodule ct.jpg                                        00000AC7ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
Laminar calcification
Chronic PulmonaryHistoplasmosis
Almost always assoc. with emphysema
Inflammation may be immune responseto antigens from colonizing organisms
May progress to cavitation, fibrosis
Radiographically indistinguishable frompostprimary TB, though may have lesssevere symptoms
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo chronic .jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo chronic fibrocavitary.jpg
Mediastinal Histoplasmosis
MediastinalGranuloma
Conglomerateadenopathy
Often calcified
Usuallyasymptomatic
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo med granuloma.jpg
Mediastinal Histoplasmosis
FibrosingMediastinitis
Leakage of antigen
Sclerosinginflammation whichmay calcify
Vascular, airway,esophagealinvolvement
Mimics cancer
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo fibrosing mediastinitis.jpg
DisseminatedHistoplasmosis
Opportunistic disease
1 in 2000 infections in immune competent
Acute fulminant or subacute course
Miliary pattern
+/- diffuse linear opacities and irregularnodules
Hepatosplenomegaly
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo miliary\histo miliary.jpg
27 y.o. withAIDS, SOB
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\histo miliary\histo miliary lat.jpg
Coccidioidomycosis
C. immitis: a soil saprophytein SW US
Also endemic in many areasof South and CentralAmerica
100,000 cases/yr in US
Spores inhaled, change totissue-invasive hyphal form
Cases seen in non-endemicareas due to travel toendemic area or reactivation
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\cocci map.jpg
Coccidioidomycosis
Acute “Valley fever”
Persistent primary
Chronic progressive
Disseminated
CoccidioidomycosisClinical Features
60% of cases asymptomatic
15% mild sx
5% disseminated infection
“Valley fever”
2-3 week incubation period
Flu-like illness
Mild to severe respiratory disease
E. nodosum or E. multiforme
Resolves in 2-4 weeks
Acute CoccidioidomycosisRadiology
Pneumonia with parenchymal consolidation (75%)
Single or multiple foci
May have acute transient cavities
Streaky peribronchial densities
Adenopathy in 25%, may be only finding
Effusion in 20%, usually small
Persistent Primary Cocci
Clinical or Xray findings after 6 weeksdefine persistent primary disease
<10 % of symptomatic cases
Nodule (coccidioidoma)
Cavitary disease
Unusual progressive pneumonia
Coccidioidoma
Almost always asymptomatic
Develops from pneumonic process
Usually <1.5 cm, single, peripheral,+/- cavitation
Calcification uncommon
Differs from histo, TB
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidiodoma acute\cocci pa.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidiodoma acute\cocci lat.jpg
24 y.o. asymptomatic woman
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidiodoma acute\cocci CT.jpg
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidioidomycosis CT.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidiodoma ford\pa.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidiodoma ford\lat.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\coccidiodoma ford\ct.jpg
Cavitary Cocci
Cavities form fromnecrosis of nodules
Thin or thick wall (thin isclassic)
May fluctuate in size
Upper lobe, solitary
>50% asymptomatic, mayhave hemoptysis
50% resolve within 2 yrs
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\cocci cavity\cocci cavity tomo.jpg.jpg
Chronic Progressive Cocci
<1% of pulmonary cases
Impaired host defenses
Fibronodular or necrotizing withcavitation
Resembles chronic TB, histo
Disseminated Cocci
0.5% of white patients, 10-15% of non-whites (immune competent)
Immune compromised patients
Usually evident within weeks ofprimary infection
Miliary disease in lungs
Bones, joints, skin, meninges, LN’s
Fatal in 50% if untreated
Blastomycosis
Endemic areas broadly overlapw/ histo
Much less common disease
Serologic/antigen testsunreliable
Acute clinical diseaseuncommon
Chronic disease more common
Malaise, wt loss, CP, fever,mild cough
Rare fulminant disease
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\blasto map.jpeg
Blastomycosis
Highly variable appearance
Consolidation, often with air bronchogram
Focal mass
Interstitial disease
Miliary
Commonly mimics bacterial pneumonia orbronchogenic Ca
Delay in diagnosis
Case fatality rate ~5%
Blastomycosis
Nodal enlargementuncommon
Extrathoracic diseaserelatively common comparedto histo
Skin - characteristic lesions
Bone
Brain
Prostate
BPM01DE14F17.gif                                               00027658Macintosh HD                   BA578DA3:

blasto.gif                                                     00027658Macintosh HD                   BA578DA3:
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\blasto chronic infection\blasto infx.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\blasto chronic infection\blasto infx 3 mo later.jpg
3 months later
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\blasto mass asx\blasto mass ct.jpg
C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\photos\infection\fungal diseases\blasto mass asx\blasto mass pa.jpg
G:\photos\Cartoons\early clock watchers.jpg
Immunodeficient Host:Ubiquitous Fungi
Cryptococcus neoformans
Aspergillus fumigatus
Candida sp. (esp. albicans)
Zygomycetes
Mucor
Rhizopus
Absidia
Cryptococcosis
C. neoformans a ubiquitous soilsaprophyte
Pulmonary infection can occur in normalor compromised host
Route of entry almost always inhalational
Treatment only for progressive disease orcompromised host
Most pulmonary disease is asymptomatic
CryptococcosisCompetent Host
Fungal “collections”
Rare
Growth in lung without inflammation
Often asymptomatic
Subpleural nodules or masses
Nodules
most common form
Up to several cm in size
Ca++ rare
CryptococcosisCompetent host
Pneumonia
Acute form rare, sx usually subacute
May be bilateral
Adenopathy common
Disseminated
Rare in normal host
Common in compromised host
CryptococcosisCompromised Host
Most common fungal pathogen in AIDS
Second most common in transplantpatients after Aspergillus
Pneumonic consolidation or diffuse
Mimics PCP
Cavitation (<25%)
Adenopathy
CNS disease coexists commonly in AIDS
Disseminated disease common in AIDS
cxr.JPG                                                        00000983ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
40 y.o. S/P renal txp
CT.JPG                                                         00000983ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
crypto mass.jpg                                                00000002ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
crypto cavity.jpg                                              00000002ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\crypto brain2.jpg
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\crypto brain1.jpg
pa.jpg                                                         00000B88ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
lat.jpg                                                        00000B88ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
27 y.o. with AIDS
pa long.jpg                                                    00000B88ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
lat long.jpg                                                   00000B88ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
Aspergillosis
Aspergillus fumigatus -- ubiquitoussaprophyte
Unusual cause of disease in normal host
Spores inhaled, ingested bymacrophages
Spores can convert to invasive hyphalform
AspergillosisForms of Disease
Depend on host immune state
Normal - mycetoma
Mild compromise - semi-invasive
Compromised - IPA
Hyperimmune – ABPA
Immune status
hyperimmune
compromised
competent
ABPA
mycetoma
semi-invasive
IPA
Mycetoma(“Fungus Ball”, Aspergilloma)
Non-invasive form - saprophytic growth ina pre-existing cavity (TB, sarcoid, bulla)
Cavity is “sheltered” from the immunesystem
Vascular granulation tissue lines cavity
Pleural reaction locally
Mycetoma
CXR/CT: Hallmark is a mobile mass withina cavity
Decubitus or prone views
May have severe hemoptysis
Systemic antifungals ineffective
Rx: resection, embolization, intracavitaryantifungal(?)
mycetoma LLL pa.jpg                                            00000C77ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
mycetoma LLL lat.jpg.jpg                                       00000C77ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
mycetoma LLL CT.jpg                                            00000C77ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\mycetoma Rembert\pa close.JPG
G:\photos\infection\fungal diseases\mycetoma Rembert\hrct 2.JPG
 prone.jpg                                                      00000C18ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:

supine.jpg                                                     00000C18ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
Semi-invasive Aspergillosis“chronic necrotizing Aspergillosis”
Underlying host disease
DM, sarcoid, debilitation, COPD, ETOH
Indolent necrotizing granulomatousinfection
Constitutional sx, chronic cough,fever, sputum
Semi-invasive Aspergillosis
semiinvasive.jpg                                               00027658Macintosh HD                   BA578DA3:
Upper lobes
+/- mycetoma
Treatment only for sx
Invasive PulmonaryAspergillosis (IPA)
Primary form (normal host) rare
Secondary form - severelyimmunocompromised patients
Acute leukemia on chemotherapy
AIDS
Corticosteroid use
Cytotoxics
Organ transplant
Invasive PulmonaryAspergillosis
Organism invades tissue, thrombosesarteries  infarction of lung tissue
Sx: Fever cough, pleuritis, dyspnea
Dx: TBBx (+) only in 50%, often need OLBx
Rx: IV Ampho-B
Mortality 90% in transplant pts, 35% inleukemia pts
Invasive PulmonaryAspergillosis
Rapidly progressive pneumonia
Multifocal or localized
Often nodular early, progresses toconfluence
“Air crescent” sign late as immunesystem recovers and cavitation occurs
CT “halo” sign
 acute.jpg                                                      00000902ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
67 y.o. with  leukemia
3 days later.jpg                                               00000902ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
3 days later
aspergillus ct halo.jpg                                        00000010Macintosh HD                   ABA78158:
CT “halo” sign
Aspergillus Infectioncharacteristic appearances
aspergillus findings.jpg                                       00000002ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
Allergic BronchopulmonaryAspergillosis (ABPA)
Asthmatics
Noninvasive endobronchial fungal growth
Antigens stimulate hypersensitivity reaction
Excess mucus containing organisms andeosinophils
Inflammation leads to bronchiectasis
Clinical :
Fever, pleuritis, eosinophilia, expectoration of plugs
Occasionally aymptomatic
ABPA
CXR: central bronchiectasis  with mucoidimpaction
“rabbit ears”, “fingers in glove”
Occ. Atx, fibrosis, migratory opacities
Rx: Steroids
ABPA PA.jpg                                                    00000946ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
ABPA CT.jpg                                                    00000946ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
BronchocentricGranulomatosis
Rare disease-final pathway of several insults?
Necrotizing granulomas centered on bronchi
Aspergillus found inside granulomas in40-50% of asthmatics. Not found innonasthmatics with BG.
Same pathology seen in other infections:
TB, endemic fungi
Eosinophilia in blood
Usually radiographic appearance of ABPA
Nodule(s) or consolidation can mimic Ca
candidiasis CT.jpg                                             00000002ZIP-100                        8ECB7800:
Candidiasis
mucor pa.jpg                                                   00000010Macintosh HD                   ABA78158:
15 y.o. diabeticwith fever
mucor CT.jpg                                                   00000010Macintosh HD                   ABA78158:
Mucormycosis
G:\photos\Cartoons\Final page of the boards.jpg
Final page of the radiology boards
G:\photos\Cartoons\wish I'd brought a mag.jpg
Pulmonary Fungal DiseasesTake-Home Messages
Remember endemic areas!
Histo:  Nodules, chronic fibroproductivedisease mimics TB
Cocci:  Nodules or thin-walled cavities
Blasto:  Mass-like lesions
Crypto:  AIDS patients, nodules, cavitation
Aspergillus:  Mycetoma, fulminant invasiveform, ABPA
Thank you